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Kaur, Sukhveer
- Scaling of Digital Image using Pixel Replication
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Yadavindra College of Engineering, GKC, Punjabi University, Talwandi Sabo, IN
1 Yadavindra College of Engineering, GKC, Punjabi University, Talwandi Sabo, IN
Source
Research Cell: An International Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol 26 (2017), Pagination: 182-192Abstract
Image Interpolation is a basic part to scale the advanced image. The proposed interpolation technique used the back propagation algorithm for picture scaling and zooming. The back propagation algorithm learns from the current pixels and generates the new location of pixels. It calculates the error where error is the difference between actual output and desired output. The pixel that has least error is replicated first. The proposed method is evaluated using image quality metrix (IQM) like Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) and Structure Similarity index (SSIM) of scaled image. From experimental result with scaling factor of 1, it has been concluded that the proposed method reduced the complexity 74.96% of an image as compared Gradient Based method reduced complexity of an image is 76.97%. So, proposed method defines better result as compare to Gradient Based method.Keywords
Nearest Neighbor Interpolation, Bilinear Interpolation, Gradient Based Method, Scaling.Full Text
References
- Airsang, U. and Ghorpade. 2015. Multistaged Gradient Based Scaling Technique. Proc of the IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing.8-10 Jan. Pune: pp. 1-6.
- Rahim, A. et al. 2015. An Analysis of Interpolation Methods for Supper Resolution Images. Proc. of the IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development. 13-14 Dec. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: pp. 72-77.
- Sabrin, K. and Ali. 2014. An Intelligent Pixel Replication Technique by Binary decomposition for Digital Image Zooming. Proc. of the 26th Image and Vision Computing. 13 May. New Zealand: pp.547-552.
- Sa, Y. 2014. Improved Bilinear Interpolation Method for Image Fast Processing. Proc. of 7th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation. 25-26 Oct. Changsha, China: Pp.308 -312.
- Safinaz. S. 2014. An Efficient Algorithm for Image Scaling with High Boost Filtering. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication. 4(5): pp. 1-9.
- Hu, Y. et al. 2012. Image Zooming for Indexed Color Images based on Bilinear Interpolation. International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering 7(5): pp.353-358.
- Zhag, X. et al. 2012. Principal Component Analysis-Based Edge-Directed Image Interpolation. Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. 9-13 July. VIC, Australia: pp.580-585.
- Zhou, D. Shen, X. and Dong. 2010. Image Zooming using Directional Cubic Convolution Interpolation. IET institution of Engineering and Technology. 6(6): 627-634.
- Keys, R. 1981. Cubic Convolution Interpolation for Digital Image Processing. Proc. of the IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and signal Processing. 29(6): 1153-1160.
- Mahajan, S. and Harpale. 2015. Adaptive and Non adaptive Image Interpolation Techniques. Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on computing Computation Control and Automation.26-27 Feb. Pune, India: pp.772-775.
- Levels of Living of Farmers and Agricultural Labourers in Rural Punjab
Abstract Views :251 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Economics, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN
2 Department of Geography, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN
3 Dashmesh Khalsa College, Zirakpur, IN
1 Department of Economics, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN
2 Department of Geography, Punjabi University, Patiala, IN
3 Dashmesh Khalsa College, Zirakpur, IN
Source
Journal of Rural Development, Vol 38, No 1 (2019), Pagination: 78-101Abstract
The present paper is an attempt to analyse the levels of living of farmers and agricultural labourers in rural Punjab. The study reveals that the levels of income and consumption expenditure of agricultural labourers, marginal, small, semi-medium farmers are significantly lower than the medium and large farmers. The consumption pattern of the agricultural labourers, marginal, small, semi-medium and medium farmsize categories is of subsistence in nature. A large share of total consumption expenditure by these categories is allocated to the non-durable items. On the other hand, in the case of large farm-size category, the highest proportion of expenditure is accounted for by the durable items, followed by socio-religious ceremonies, non-durables and services. The average propensity to consume is greater than one for the marginal, small, semi-medium and medium farm-size categories. More than four-fifth’ of the farm and agricultural labour households in the State of Punjab are under debt. The amount of debt per indebted household and per sampled household increases as farm-size goes up. The category-wise amount of debt per owned acre decreases as farm-size goes up. It implies that the burden of debt is greater on the lower farm-size categories as compared to the upper farm-size categories. The average amount of debt per indebted agricultural labour household in rural Punjab is ₹68329.88.Keywords
Farmers, Agricultural Labourers, Income, Consumption Expenditure, Debt.
References
- Alexpandi, M., and Rameshkumar, S, (2014), Utilization and Repayment of Agricultural- Credit the Case of Madhurai District, Tamil Nadu, Journal of Rural Development, 33 (2), 147-159.
- Govt. of India, Economic Survey of India, (2013), Ministry of Finance, New Delhi.
- Grewal, S. S. and Sidhu, D.S. ,(1976), Farm Incomes in Punjab: Myths and Realities, Economic Affairs, 21(6), 209.
- Haque, T. ,(1996), Sustainability of Smallholder Agriculture in India: Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
- Kaur, R., (2015), Levels of Livings of Farmers in Rural Punjab. In: Gian Singh (ed.) Agriculture Performance and Rural Development in India, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala,152-162.
- Mahajan, R.K. (2015), Dwindling Agricultural Performance and Lifeless Rural Economy in India, In: Gian Singh (ed.) Agriculture Performance and Rural Development in India, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, 20-36.
- Narayanamoorthy, A., (2013), Profitability in Crops Cultivation in India: Some Evidence from Cost of Cultivation Survey Data, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68(1), 104-119.
- Shah, S. L. and Agarwal, R.C., (1970), Impact of New Technology on the levels of Income Pattern of Income Distribution and Savings of Farmers in Central Uttar Pradesh, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 25(3), 110-115.
- Sharma, V.K., Kingra, H.S.,Bhogal S. and Singh, S. , (2015), Sustainable Agricultural Development and Pattern of Domestic Consumption Expenditure of Punjab Farmers, Indian Journal of Economics and Development. 11(1), 439-447.
- Shergill, H. S., (2010), Growth of Farm Debt in Punjab 1997-2008, Institute for Development and Communication, Chandigarh.
- Singh, G., (2014), Agrarian Crisis in India and Possible Solution: An Overview. Indian Journal of Economics and Development. 10(1a),74-81.
- Tiwana, B. S., (2015), Exclusion Process in Rural India, In: Gian Singh (ed.) Agriculture Performance and Rural Development in India, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, 37-45.
- Wilson, K., (2002), Small Cultivators in Bihar and ‘New Technology’ Choice or Compulsion? Economic and Political Weekly, 37 (110), 1229-1238.
- Walia, S. and Garg, I., (2015), Role of Agriculture in Indian Economy: An Analysis, In: Gian Singh (ed.) Agriculture Performance and Rural Development in India, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, 342-355.